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Committee
on Common Names of Plant Diseases
Banana diseases
List of pathogens, diseases and references
BACTERIA
Blood Wilt Bacterium [Blood bacterial wilt]
[There is no valid published name for the bacterium
causing blood bacterial wilt. "Pseudomonas celebensis" (Gäumann,
1923) and Xanthomonas campestris pv. celebensis
(Bradbury, 1986) are not valid names. The pathogen was excluded from the
Approved Lists (1980) because the original description was incomplete and
none of the original isolates collected by Gäumann exist today. Later
comparison of fresh isolates with Ralstonia solanacearum show that the two
pathogens are related, but clearly distinct from each other]
Gäumann E., 1923. Onderzoekingen over de bloedziekte
der bananen op Celebes II (Investigations on the blood disease of banana
in Celebes II). Mededeelingen van het Instituut voor Plantenziekten No.
59., 45p.
Thwaites R., Eden-Green S.J., Black R., 2000. Diseases
caused by bacteria. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R.
Jones (ed.), pp. 213-239. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Thwaites R., Mansfield J., Eden-Green S.J., Seal S.,
1999. RAPD and rep-PCR-based fingerprinting of vascular bacterial
pathogens of Musa spp. Plant Pathology 48: 121-128.
Burkholderia cepacia (ex Burkholder 1950)
Yabuuchi et al. 1993; Pseudomonas sp. [Bacterial finger-tip
rot]
[Bacterial finger-tip rot in Taiwan and elsewhere was
originally attributed to Pseudomonas spp. (Buddenhagen, 1968).
Recent research shows the cause in Taiwan is Burkholderia cepacia
(Lee et al., 2003)].
Buddenhagen I.W., 1968. Banana diseases in the Pacific
area. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 16: 17-31.
Lee Y.A., Shiao Y.Y., Chao C.P., 2003. First report of Burkholderia
cepacia as a pathogen of banana finger-tip rot in Taiwan. Plant
Disease 87: 601.
Stover R.H., 1972. Banana, Plantain and Abacá
Diseases. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, UK, 316p.
Thwaites R., Eden-Green S.J., Black R., 2000. Diseases
caused by bacteria. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R.
Jones (ed.), pp. 213-239. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Pectobacterium atrosepticum (van Hall
1902) Gardan et al. 2003 [Bacterial rhizome rot]
Akiew E., 1998. An evaluation of the relative
importance of banana corm rot in North Queensland. HRDC Project No. FR
97030. Report to 30 June 1998.
Gardan L., Gouy C., Christen R., Samson, R., 2003.
Elevation of three subspecies of Pectobacterium carotovorum to
species level: Pectobacterium atrosepticum sp.nov,
Pectobacterium betavasculorum sp.nov. and Pectobacterium
wasabiae sp.nov. International Journal of Systematic and
Evolutionary Biology 53: 381-391.
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp.
carotovorum (Jones 1901) Hauben et al. 1999 emend. Gardan et
al. 2003 [Bacterial rhizome rot]
Hauben L., Moore E.R.B., Vauterin L., Steenackers M.,
Mergaert J., Verdonck L., Swings J. 1998. Phylogenetic position of the
phytopathogens within the Enterobacteriaceae. Systematic and Applied
Microbiology 21: 384-397.
Stover R.H., 1959. Bacterial rhizome rot of bananas. Phytopathology
49: 290-292.
Thwaites R., Eden-Green S.J., Black R., 2000. Diseases
caused by bacteria. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R.
Jones (ed.), pp. 213-239. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (Burkholder et
al. 1953) Brenner et al. 1973 (Approved Lists 1980) emend.
Hauben et al. 1999. [Finger soft rot; Pseudostem wet rot; Bacterial
rhizome rot]
Dickey, R.S.,Victoria, J.I., 1980. Taxonony and
emended description of strains of Erwinia isolated from Musa
paradisiaca Linnaeus. International Journal of Systematic
Bacteriology 30: 129-134.
Thwaites R., Eden-Green S.J., Black R., 2000. Diseases
caused by bacteria. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R.
Jones (ed.), pp. 213-239. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Tomlinson D.L., King G.A., Ovia A., 1987. Bacterial corm
and rhizome rot of banana (Musa spp.) in Papua New Guinea caused by
Erwinia chrysanthemi. Tropical Pest Management 33: 196-199.
Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896)
Yabuuchi et al. 1996 (race 1) [Bacterial wilt]
Akiew E., 1992. Bacterial wilt of diploid Musa caused
by Pseudomonas solanacearum Race 1 in Australia. Plant Disease 76:
753.
Buddenhagen I.W., 1962. Bacterial wilt of certain
seed-bearing Musa spp. caused by the tomato strain of Pseudomonas
solanacearum. Phytopathology 52: 286.
Thwaites R., Eden-Green S.J., Black R., 2000. Diseases
caused by bacteria. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R.
Jones (ed.), pp. 213-239. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896)
Yabuuchi et al. 1996 (race 2) [Bugtok (=Bacterial hard pulp); Moko
bacterial wilt]
Buddenhagen I.W., 1960. Strains of Pseudomonas
solanacearum in indigenous hosts in banana plantations of Costa Rica,
and their relationship to bacterial wilt of banana. Phytopathology 50:
660-664.
Buddenhagen I.W., 1961. Bacterial wilt of bananas:
history and known distribution. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 38:
107-121.
Molina G. 1996. Integrated management of 'Tibaglon', a
bacterial fruit rot disease of cooking bananas under farmer's field. Philippine
Phytopathology 32: 83-91.
Roperos N.I., 1965. Note on the occurrence of a new
disease of cooking banana in the Philippines. Coffee and Cocoa
Journal 8: 135-136.
Soguilon C., Magnaye L., Natural M., 1994. Bugtok
disease of cooking bananas: I. Etiology of the disease and diagnostic
symptoms. Philippine Phytopathology 30: 26-34.
Thwaites R., Eden-Green S.J., Black R., 2000. Diseases
caused by bacteria. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R.
Jones (ed.), pp. 213-239. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Yirgou
and Bradbury 1968) Young et al. 1978 [Xanthomonas wilt]
Thwaites R., Eden-Green S.J., Black R., 2000. Diseases
caused by bacteria. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R.
Jones (ed.), pp. 213-239. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Yirgou D., Bradbury J.F., 1968. Bacterial wilt of
Ensete (Ensete ventricosum) incited by Xanthomonas musacearum
nov. sp. Phytopathology 58: 111-112.
FUNGI
Acremonium strictum W. Gams
(1971); Acremonium sp. [Crown
rot; Fruit rot]
Jones D.R., 1991. Chemical control of
crown rot in Queensland bananas. Australian Journal of Experimental
Agriculture 31: 693-698.
Roy A.K., Singh C.P., Singh D.K., 1989. Some unrecorded
fruit rot diseases of banana. Indian Phytopathology 42: 202-203.
Acremonium stromaticum W. Gams & R.H. Stover (1975) [Root
and rhizome rot – associated with nematode lesions]
Pinochet J., Stover R.H., 1980. Fungi associated with nematode lesions
on plantains in Honduras. Nematropica 10: 112-115.
Pinochet J.G., Stover R.H., 1980. Fungi in lesions caused by burrowing
nematodes on bananas and their root and rhizome rotting potential. Tropical
Agriculture 57: 227-232.
Sarah J.L., 2000. Nematode pathogens-burrowing nematode. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp.295-303.
Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Acrodontium simplex (F. Mangenot) de Hoog (1972) [Acrodontium
leaf
speckle]
Hwang S.C., Chen,C.L., 1986. A new leaf speckle disease of banana
caused by Acrodontium simplex in Taiwan. Plant Protection
Bulletin (Taiwan) 28: 413-415.
Jones D.R., 2000. Leaf speckle. In Diseases of
Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 112-113. Wallingford,
UK: CABI Publishing.
Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissel (1912) [Peel
rot]
Roy A.K., Singh C.P., Singh D.K., 1989. Some unrecorded fruit rot
diseases of banana. Indian Phytopathology 42: 202-203.
Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm. (1871); Armillaria
tabescens (Scop.) Emel (1921) [Armillaria corm rot]
Blake C.D., 1963. Root and corm diseases of banana. Agricultural
Gazette of New South Wales 24: 526-528.
Jones D.R., Stover R.H., 2000. Armillaria corm rot. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), p 159. Wallingford, UK:
CABI Publishing.
Bidenticula cannae Deighton (1972) [Zonate
leaf spot]
Deigthon F.C., 1972. Four leaf-spotting Hyphomycetes from Africa. Transactions
of the British Mycological Society 59: 419-427.
Botryosphaeria ribis Grossenb. & Duggar (1911)
[Fruit rot]
Kachhwaha M., Chile A., Khare V., Mehta A., Mehta P.,
1992. A new fruit rot disease of banana. Indian Journal of Mycology and
Plant Pathology 22: 211.
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Botrytis cinerea Pers. (1794) [Tip-end rot]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Cephalosporium sp. [Central American fruit speckle
(component); Crown rot]
Muirhead I.F., Jones D.R., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, postharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 190-206. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) C. Moreau (1952) (anamorph:
Chalara paradoxa (De Seynes) Sacc. (1892)) [Ceratocystis fruit rot;
Corm rot; Crown rot; Main stalk rot; Stem-end rot]
Muirhead I.F., Jones D.R., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, postharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 190-206. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Roy A.K., Singh C.P., Singh D.K., 1989. Some unrecorded
fruit rot diseases of banana. Indian Phytopathology 42: 202-203.
Jones D.R., 2000. Ceratocystis corm rot. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), p. 167. Wallingford,
UK: CABI Publishing.
Cercospora hayi Calp. (1955) [Brown spot; Diamond
fruit spot (component)]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Chaetothyrina musarum (Speg.) Theiss (1913) [Sooty
blotch; Sooty mould]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset,
D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Cladosporium atriellum Cooke (1878); Cladosporium
cladosporioides (Fresen) G.A. de Vries (1953) [Sooty mould]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R.
Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Cladosporium musae E. W. Mason (1945) = Periconiella sapientumicola G. Siboe (1994)
[Cladosporium leaf speckle]
Frossard P., 1963. Une cladosporiose du bananier en
Côte d’Ivoire. Fruits 18: 443-453.
Jones D.R., 2000. Cladosporium speckle. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 108-111.
Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Siboe G.M., 1994. Taxonomy of the fungus causing
speckling disease of bananas (Musa spp.) in Kenya. The African
Journal of Mycology and Biotechnology 2: 1-6.
Colletotrichum musae (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Arx
(1957) [Anthracnose; Central American fruit speckle (component); Crown
rot; Fungal scald; Main stalk rot; Peduncle rot; Stem-end rot]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Muirhead I.F., Jones D.R., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, postharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 190-206. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Cordana johnstonii M. B. Ellis (1971) [Cordana leaf
spot]
Jones D.R., 2000. Cordana leaf spot. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 99-101.
Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Cordana musae (Zimm.) Höhn (1923) [Cordana leaf
spot]
Jones D.R., 2000 Cordana leaf spot. In Diseases of
Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 99-101. Wallingford,
UK: CABI Publishing.
Curvularia geniculata (Tracey & Earle) Boedijn
(1933); Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn (1933) [Curvularia leaf speckle]
Meredith D.S., 1963. Some graminicolous fungi associated with spotting
of banana leaves in Jamaica. Annals of Applied Biology 51: 371-378.
Cylindrocladium gracile (Bugnic.) Boesew(1982); Cylindrocladium
spathiphylli Schoult., El-Gholl & Alfieri (1982) [Cylindrocladium
root rot]
Jones D.R., 2000. Cylindocladium root rot. In Diseases of
Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 159-160. Wallingford,
UK: CABI Publishing
Risede J.M., Simoneau P., 2001. Typing Cylindrocladium species
by analysis of ribosomal DNA spacers polymorphism: application to field
isolates from the banana rhizosphere. Mycologia 93: 494-504.
Cylindrocarpon musae C. Booth & R. H. Stover
(1974) [Root and rhizome rot - associated with nematode lesions]
Booth C, Stover R.H., 1974. Cylindrocarpon musae
sp. nov., commonly associated with burrowing nematode (Radopholus
similis) lesions on bananas. Transcations of the British
Mycological Society 63: 503-507.
Pinochet J.G., Stover R.H., 1980. Fungi in lesions
caused by burrowing nematodes on bananas and their root and rhizome
rotting potential. Tropical Agriculture 57: 227-232.
Sarah J.L., 2000. Nematode pathogens-burrowing
nematode. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones
(ed.), pp. 295-303. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Cylindrocarpon sp. [Central American fruit speckle
(component)]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Deightoniella torulosa (Syd.) M. B. Ellis (1957)
[Black-tip; Central American fruit speckle (component); Cigar-end rot;
Damping-off; Deightoniella fruit speckle; Deightoniella leaf spot]
Jones D.R., Lomerio E.O., Tessera M., Quimio A.J.,
2000. Deightoniella leaf spot. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset,
D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 102-104. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Meredith D.S., 1965. Tip rot of banana fruits in
Jamaica II. Verticillium theobromae and Fusarium spp. Transactions
of the British Mycological Society 48: 327-336.
Dothiorella gregaria Sacc. [Tip-end
rot]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Drechslera gigantea (Heald & F. A. Wolf) S. Ito
(1930) [Eyespot]
Jones D.R., Tessera M., Quimio A.J., 2000.
Drechslera leaf spot. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R.
Jones (ed.), p. 105. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Drechslera musae-sapientum (Hansf.) M. B. Ellis
(1971) [Eyespot; Fruit rot]
Ellis, M.B., 1971. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth
Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, UK, pp. 451-452.
Roy A.K., Singh C.P., Singh D.K., 1989. Some unrecorded
fruit rot diseases of banana. Indian Phytopathology 42: 202-203.
Drechslera spicifera (Bainier) Arx (1975) [Fruit
rot]
Roy A.K., Singh C.P., Singh D.K., 1989. Some unrecorded
fruit rot diseases of banana. Indian Phytopathology 42: 202-203.
Fumago vagans Pers. (1822) [Sooty mould]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Fusarium spp. [Crown rot; Diamond spot (component);
Tip-end rot]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Muirhead I.F., Jones D.R., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, postharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 190-206. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Fusarium fusarioides (Gonz. Frag. & Cif.) C.
Booth (1971) [Central American fruit speckle (component)]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld. (1904) (teleomorph: Gibberella
fujikuroi (Sawada) Wollenw. (1931)) [Crown rot; Black heart;
Pseudostem heart rot; Root and rhizome rot – associated with nematode
lesions]
Jones D.R., Lomeiro E.O., 2000. Pseudostem heart rot.
In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp.
166-167. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Muirhead I.F., Jones D.R., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, postharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 190-206. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Pinochet J., 1979. Nematode-fungus associations in
bananas and plantains. Journal of Nematology 11, 311-312.
Temkin-Gorodeiski N., Chorin M., 1964. Black heart
disease of the Cavendish banana fruits. Plant Disease Reporter
48: 134-135.
Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans
Wollenw. & Reinking (1925) [Fusarium tip-rot; Main stalk rot]
Meredith D.S., 1965. Tip rot of banana fruits in
Jamaica II. Verticillium theobromae and Fusarium spp. Transactions
of the British Mycological Society 48: 327-336.
Muirhead I.F., Jones D.R., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, postharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 190-206. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. (1824) [Fungal root
rot; Peduncle rot]
Jones D.R., Stover R.H., 2000. Fungal root rot. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 162-163.
Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Muirhead I.F., Jones D.R., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, postharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 190-206. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. f. sp. cubense
(E. F. Sm.) W. C. Snyder & H. N. Hansen (1940) [Fusarium wilt]
Ploetz R.C. (ed.), 1990. Fusarium wilt of banana,
140pp. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: American Phytopathology Society.
Ploetz R.C., Pegg K.G., 2000. Fusarium wilt. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 143-159.
Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Stover R.H., 1962. Fusarial Wilt (Panama Disease) of
Bananas and other Musa species, 117pp. Kew, Surrey, UK:
Commonwealth Mycological Institute.
Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) Sacc. [Crown rot;
Diamond fruit spot (component); Fungal scald; Peduncle rot]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Muirhead I.F., Jones D.R., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, postharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 190-206. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Ravenel (1874)
[Central American fruit speckle (component)]
Jones D.R., Stover R.H., 2000. Fungal root rot. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 162-163.
Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. (1881) (teleomorph: Nectria
haematococca Berk. & Broome (1873)) [Diamond fruit spot
(component); Fungal root rot; Root and rhizome rot - associated with
nematodes]
Jones D.R., Stover R.H., 2000. Fungal root rot. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 162-163.
Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Pinochet J., 1979. Nematode-fungus associations in
bananas and plantains. Journal of Nematology 11, 311-312.
Fusarium tricinctum (Corda) Sacc. (1886) [Central
American fruit speckle (component)]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld &
Schrenk (1903) [Tip-end rot]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Guignardia musae Racib. (1909) (anamorph: Phyllosticta
musarum (Cooke) Aa (1973)) [Freckle]
Jones D.R., 2000. Freckle. In Diseases of
Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp.120-125. Wallingford,
UK: CABI Publishing.
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Meredith D.S., 1968. Freckle disease of banana in
Hawaii caused by Phyllostictina musarum (Cke) Petr. Transactions
of the British Mycological Society 62: 328-340.
Haplobasidion musae M. B. Ellis (1957) [Diamond
leaf spot]
Firman, I.D., 1971. Banana leaf spot caused by Haplobasidion
musae. PANS 17: 315-317.
Jones D.R., 2000. Malayan leaf spot. In Diseases of
Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 105-107. Wallingford,
UK: CABI Publishing.
Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.
[Crown rot; Finger rot; Main stalk rot; Peduncle rot]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Muirhead I.F., Jones D.R., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, postharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 190-206. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Leptosphaeria musarum Sacc. & Berl. [Leaf spot
of plantain]
Cardona R., Petit P., 1994. Leaf spot of plantain (Musa
acuminata x Musa balbisiana, AAB) caused by Leptosphaeria
musarum. Fitopatologia Venezolana 7: 26-27.
Marasmiellus inoderma (Berk.) Singer (1955) = Marasmius
semiustus (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Singer
(1948) [Marasmiellus pseudostem and root rot]
Jones D.R., Lomerio E.O., 2000. Marasmiellus pseudostem
and root rot. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones
(ed.), pp. 163-166. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Marasmiellus troyanus (Murr.) Sing. [Stem dry rot]
Ordosgoitty A., Santos R., Rondón A., Haddad O., 1972.
Pudricon seca del tallo del platano causada por el honga Marasmiellus
troyanus (Murr.) Sing. (a). Agronomia Tropical 24: 33-41.
Microxyphium sp. [Sooty mould]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Mycosphaerella eumusae Crous and Mourichon (2002) [Eumusae
leaf spot; Mixed ripe fruit; Premature ripening]
Carlier J., Mourichon X., Jones D.R., 2000. Septoria
leaf spot. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones
(ed.), pp. 93-96. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Carlier J., Zapater M., Lapeyre F., Jones D.R.,
Mourichon X., 2000. Septoria leaf spot of banana: a newly discovered
disease caused by Mycosphaerella eumusae (anamorph Septoria eumusae)
Phytopathology 90: 884-890.
Crous P., Mourichon X., 2002. Mycosphaerella eumusae
and its anamorph Pseudocercospora eumusae spp. nov.: causal agent
of eumusae leaf spot disease of banana. Sydowia 54: 35-43.
Mycosphaerella fijiensis M. Morelet (1969) (anamorph:
Pseudocercospora fijiensis (M. Morelet) Deighton (1976) ) [Black
leaf streak = Black Sigatoka leaf spot; Mixed ripe fruit; Premature ripening]
Carlier J., Fouré E., Gauhl F., Jones D.R., Lepoivre
P., Mourichon X., Pasberg-Gauhl C., 2000. Black leaf streak. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 37-79. Wallingford,
UK: CABI Publishing.
Meredith D.S,. Lawrence J.S., 1969. Black leaf streak
disease of bananas (Mycosphaerella fijiensis): Symptoms of disease
in Hawaii, and notes on the conidial state of the causal fungus. Transactions
of the British Mycological Society 52: 459-476.
Stover R.H., 1980. Sigatoka leaf spots of banana and
plantain. Plant Disease 64: 750-755.
Mycosphaerella musae (Speg.) Syd. & P. Syd.
(1917) [Mycosphaerella leaf speckle]
Jones D.R., 2000. Mycosphaerella speckle. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 113-116.
Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Pont W., 1960. Three leaf speckle diseases of the
banana in Queensland. Queensland Journal of Agricultural Science 17:
271-309.
Stover R.H., 1969. The Mycosphaerella species
associated with banana leaf spots. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad)
46: 325-332.
Mycosphaerella musicola Leach (anamorph: Pseudocercospora
musae (Zimm.) Deighton) [Mixed ripe fruit; Premature ripening;
Sigatoka leaf spot = Yellow Sigatoka leaf spot)
Jones D.R., 2000. Sigatoka. In Diseases of
Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 79-92. Wallingford,
UK: CABI Publishing.
Meredith D.S., 1970. Banana Leaf Spot Disease (Sigatoka)
caused by Mycosphaerella musicola Leach. Phytopathological Papers,
No. 11, 147 pp. Kew, Surrey, UK: Commonwealth Mycological Institute.
Stover R.H., 1980. Sigatoka leaf spots of banana and
plantain. Plant Disease 64: 750-755.
Nattrassia mangiferae (Syd. & P. Syd.) B.
Sutton & Dyko (1989) = Hendersonula toruloidea Nattrass (1933)
[Tip-end rot]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Meredith D.S., 1963. Tip rot of banana fruits in
Jamaica. I. Hendersonula toruloidea on Dwarf Cavendish bananas. Transactions
of the British Mycological Society 46: 473-481.
Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E. W. Mason (1927) = Nigrospora
musae McLennan & Hoëtte = Nigrospora maydis (Garov.)
Hol.-Jech (1963) [Black end; Squirter]
Muirhead I.F., Jones D.R., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, postharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 190-206. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Nigrospora spp. [Sooty mould]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Penicillium roseum Link (1816) [Central American
fruit speckle (component)]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Pestalotiopsis disseminata (Thüm.) Steyaert (1949)
[Fruit rot]
Roy A.K., Singh C.P., Singh D.K., 1989. Some unrecorded
fruit rot diseases of banana. Indian Phytopathology 42: 202-203.
Pestalotiopsis leprogena (Speg.) Steyaert (1961)
[Brown blotch]
Jones D.R., 2000. Pestalotiopsis leaf spot. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 107-108.
Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Pestalotiopsis palmarum (Cooke) Steyaert (1949) [Pestalotiopsis
leaf spot]
Jones D.R., 2000. Pestalotiopsis leaf spot. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 107-108.
Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Phaeoseptoria musae Punith. (1977) [Phaeoseptoria
leaf spot]
Jones D.R., 2000. Phaeoseptoria leaf spot. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 92-93. Wallingford,
UK: CABI Publishing.
Punithalingam E., 1976. A new species of Phaeoseptoria
on Musa. Kew Bulletin 31: 469-470.
Raghunath T., 1963. A new leaf spot of banana from
India. Plant Disease Reporter 47: 1084-1085.
Phyllachora musicola C. Booth & D. E. Shaw
(1961) [Black cross leaf spot]
Booth C., Shaw D.E., 1961. Black cross, caused by a new
species of Phyllachora on banana. Papua New Guinea Experimental
Journal 13: 157-159.
Jones D.R., 2000. Black cross leaf spot. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 97-99. Wallingford,
UK: CABI Publishing.
Meredith D.S., 1969. A note on black cross disease
caused by Phyllachora musicola. Transactions of the British
Mycological Society 62: 328-340.
Pyricularia grisea Sacc. (1880) (teleomorph Magnaporthe
grisea (T.T. Hebert) M.E. Barr (1977)) [Pitting]
Johnston J.R., 1932. The fruit spot of banana. Research
Department Bulletin 43, United Fruit Company, Boston.
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Ramichloridium musae (Stahel ex M. B. Ellis) de
Hoog (1977) = Veronaea musae Stahel M. B. Ellis (1976) = Periconiella
musae Stahel ex M. B. Ellis (1967) [Ramichloridium leaf speckle]
Jones D.R., 2000. Tropical Speckle. In Diseases of
Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 116-120. Wallingford,
UK: CABI Publishing.
Pont W., 1960. Three leaf speckle diseases of the
banana in Queensland. Queensland Journal of Agricultural Science 17:
271-309.
Rhizoctonia spp. [Fungal root rot]
Jones D.R., Stover R.H., 2000. Fungal root rot. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 162-163.
Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Rosellinia bunodes (Berk. & Broome) Sacc.
(1882) [Black root rot]
Jones D.R., 2000. Rosellinia root and corm rot. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), p.160. Wallingford, UK:
CABI Publishing.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (1884)
[Tip-end rot]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Trachysphaera fructigena Tabor & Bunting (1923)
[Cigar-end rot; Finger rot;]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Trichoderma sp. [Central American fruit speckle
(component)]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Uredo musae Cummins (1941); Uromyces musae
Henn. (1907) [Rust]
Firman I.D. , 1976. Banana rust in Fiji and other
Pacific Islands. Fiji Agricultural Journal 38: 85-86.
Jones D.R., 2000. Rust. In Diseases of
Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 125-127. Wallingford,
UK: CABI Publishing.
Verticillium sp. [Crown rot]
Muirhead I.F., Jones D.R., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, postharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 190-206. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Verticillium theobromae (Turconi) E. W. Mason &
S. J. Hughes (1951) [Black-tip; Cigar end rot; Crown rot; Peduncle rot]
Jones D.R., Stover, R.H., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, preharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 173-190. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Meredith D.S., 1965. Tip rot of banana fruits in
Jamaica II. Verticillium theobromae and Fusarium spp. Transactions
of the British Mycological Society 48: 327-336.
Muirhead I.F., Jones D.R., 2000. Fungal diseases of
banana fruit, postharvest diseases. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and
Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 190-206. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Zythia sp. [Root rot]
Kobenan K., Ake S., Kone D., Kehe M., 1997. Zythia sp.
(Ascomycotina), a causal agent of root necrosis in bananas (Musa
sp., AAA) cv. Grande Naine. Cahiers Agricultures 6: 91-96.
VIRUSES
Banana bract mosaic virus
[Bract mosaic]
Magnaye L.V., Espino R.R.C., 1990. Note: banana bract
mosaic, a new disease of banana. I. symptomatology. The Philippine
Agriculturist 73:55-59.
Rodoni B.C., Dale J.L., Harding R.M., 1999.
Characterization and expression of the coat protein-coding region of
banana bract mosaic potyvirus, development of diagnostic assays and
detection of the virus in banana plants from five countries in southeast
Asia. Archives of Virology 144:1725-1737.
Thomas J.E., Iskra-Caruana M.-L., Magnaye L.V., Jones
D.R., 2000. Bract mosaic. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset,
D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 253-255. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Thomas J.E., Geering A.D.W., Gambley C.F., Kessling A.F.,
White M., 1997. Purification, properties and diagnosis of banana bract
mosaic potyvirus and its distinction from abaca mosaic potyvirus. Phytopathology
87:698-705.
Banana bunchy top virus [Bunchy top]
Dale J.L., 1987. Banana bunchy top: an economically
important tropical plant virus disease. Advances in Virus Research
33:301-325.
Magee C.J.P., 1953. Some aspects of the bunchy top
disease of banana and other Musa spp. Journal and Proceedings of
the Royal Society of New South Wales 87:3-18.
Magee C.J.P., 1927. Investigation on the bunchy top
disease of the banana, Bulletin No. 30. Melbourne, Australia:
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
Thomas J.E., Iskra-Caruana M.-L., 2000. Bunchy top. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R.
Jones (ed.), pp. 241-253. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Publishing.
Banana mild mosaic virus [Mild mosaic]
Gambley C.F., Thomas J.E., 2001. Molecular
characterisation of Banana mild mosaic virus, a new filamentous virus in Musa
spp. Archives of Virology 146:1369-1379.
Thomas J.E., Lockhart B.E.L., Iskra-Caruana M.-L.,
2000. Banana mild mosaic. In Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset,
D. R. Jones (ed.), pp. 275-278. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Banana streak virus [Streak]
Geering A.D.W., McMichael L. A, Dietzgen R.G.,
Thomas, J.E., 2000. Genetic diversity among Banana streak virus isolates
from Australia. Phytopathology 90:921-927.
Geering A.D.W., Thomas J.E., 2002. Banana streak
virus [AAB Description of plant viruses on CD-ROM and the World Wide
Web]. Association of Applied Biologists, 2002 [cited in press]. Available
from www.res.bbsrc.ac.uk/dpv/index.htm.
Harper G., Hull R., Lockhart B., Olszewski, N., 2002.
Viral sequences integrated into plant genomes. Annual Review of
Phytopathology 40:119-136.
Lassoudière A., 1974. La mosaïque dite «a tirets»
du bananier 'Poyo' en Côte d'Ivoire. Fruits 29:349-357.
Lockhart B.E.L., Jones D.R., 2000. Banana streak. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D. R. Jones (ed.), pp. 263-274.
Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Lockhart B.E.L., 1986. Purification and serology of
bacilliform virus associated with banana streak disease. Phytopathology
76:995-999.
Cucumber mosaic virus [Mosaic]
Diekmann, M., Putter C.A.J.(eds) ,1996. FAO/IPGRI
Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Germplasm, 2nd edn, Musa.
Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations /
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute.
Lockhart B.E.L, Jones D.R.., 2000. Banana mosaic. In Diseases
of Banana, Abacá and Enset, D.R. Jones (ed.), pp. 256-263.
Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.
Magee C.J.P. 1940. Transmission of infectious chlorosis
or heart-rot of the banana and its relationship to cucumber mosaic. The
Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 6:44-47.
Yot-Dauthy D., Bové, J. M., 1966. Mosaïque du
bananier: Identification et purification de diveres souches du virus. Fruits
21:449-466.
UNKNOWN AGENTS
Unknown [False Panama
disorder]
Nematode infestation, soil compaction,
waterlogging, insufficient irrigation and insufficient fertilizer
application (stress factors) have been implicated as possible causes.
Deacon J.W., Herbert J.A., Dames J., 1985. Fals [sic]
Panama disorder of bananas. Subtropica 6:15-18.
de Beer Z., Hernández J. M., Sabadel, S., 2001. False
Panama Disorder on Banana. Musa Disease Factsheet No. 9. Montpellier,
France: International Network for the Improvrement of Banana and Plantain.
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